Toward an Understanding of Abuse in Health Care – A Female Patient Perspective
نویسنده
چکیده
Background. High numbers of incidents of abuse in health care (AHC) have been reported by patients in Sweden. In questionnaire studies (n=9600), every fifth Swedish woman and every tenth Swedish man reported any lifetime experience of AHC, and a majority reported suffering from their experiences. Female patients with experiences of AHC described them as experiences of being nullified, and male patients as experiences of being mentally pinioned. Little is known about why AHC occurs and how it can prevail in a health care system that aims to relieve patients’ suffering. Aim. The overall aim of the thesis was to bring understanding to what AHC is and to start exploring what contributes to its occurrence, focusing on a female patient perspective. Methods. In study I, a concept analysis of AHC was conducted based on the concept’s appearance in scientific literature and through case studies. Also, AHC was demarcated against the related concepts patient dissatisfaction, medical error, and personal identity threat, in order to analyze differences and similarities with these concepts. For studies II and III the Transgressions of Ethical Principles in Health Care Questionnaire (TEP) was developed to measure to what extent female patients remain silent toward the health care system after having experienced abusive or wrongful ethical transgressions in the Swedish health care system. It was hypothesized that to a high degree female patients remain silent toward the health care system after such experiences, and this lack of feedback may in turn contribute to the hampering of structural change toward better encounters. The questionnaire was answered by female patients recruited at a women’s clinic in the south of Sweden (n=530). Study IV built on a constructed grounded theory design and included informants who reported experiences of AHC in TEP (n=12). The interviews focused on the informants’ stories of what contributed to their experiences of AHC. Results. Based on the concept analysis, AHC was described as patients’ subjective experiences in health care of encounters devoid of care, in which they experienced suffering and loss of their human value. Study II showed that a majority of the female patients who perceived one or more transgressions as abusive or wrongful remained silent about at least one of them (70.3%). In 60% of all cases, patients remained silent about abusive or wrongful events. In study III it was examined whether patients remaining silent could be associated with any patient characteristics. Remaining silent was only found to be associated with younger age and a lower self-rated knowledge of patient rights. In study IV, female patients’ stories of what contributed to their experiences of AHC were analyzed. This was best characterized as a process where the patient loses power struggles. According to these patients, not only their vulnerability, but also their level of competence contributed to staff’s unintended use of domination techniques by which they felt abused. Conclusions. As AHC is defined from patients’ subjective experiences it is necessary for the prevention of AHC to listen to patients’ stories and complaints. The prevalence of female patients’ silence after abusive events could be worrying, as it constitutes a loss of essential feedback for the health care system. Patients do not bear responsibility for the quality of health care processes, but their knowledge may be very valuable for structural improvement of these processes and could be valued as such. Clinical interventions that stimulate these patients to speak up, accompanied by health care staff’s reflections on how to respond to patients speaking up, must therefore be explored. SWEDISH ABSTRACT / SVENSK SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund. Tidigare studier i de nordiska länderna där patienter har tillfrågats, har påvisat en hög prevalens av kränkningar i vården (KV). I kvantitativa studier (n=9600) uppgav var femte svensk kvinna och var tionde svensk man att de upplevt KV någon gång i livet, och många rapporterade lidande än idag av sina upplevelser. I kvalitativa studier har framkommit att kvinnliga patienter upplever KV som att bli tillintetgjorda, och manliga patienter upplever det som att bli mentalt vingklippta. Det finns bristfällig kunskap om vad som bidrar till förekomsten av KV och hur företeelsen kan fortsätta att uppkomma i ett sjukvårdssystem som är till för att lindra lidande. Syfte. Det övergripande syftet i denna avhandling var att förstå vad KV är, och vad som bidrar till att situationer av KV förekommer, sett ur kvinnliga patienters perspektiv. Metod. Studie I utformades som en begreppsanalys, baserad på hur abuse in health care, den engelska motsvarigheten till KV, har använts i vetenskaplig litteratur och i fallstudier. För att analysera skillnader och likheter med relaterade begrepp, jämfördes abuse in health care med begrepp såsom patient(o-)tillfredsställelse, medicinska misstag och personliga identitetshot. För studierna II och III utformades ett frågeformulär med syfte att undersöka i vilken utsträckning patienter förblir tysta gentemot vården, efter att ha upplevt kränkande eller felaktiga etiska överträdelser inom svensk sjukvård. Hypotesen var att patienter i hög utsträckning förblir tysta gentemot vården efter den här typen av händelser, vilket i sin tur kan bidra till att hämma strukturell förbättring genom att återkoppling därmed uteblir. Frågeformuläret besvarades av kvinnliga patienter som rekryterades på en kvinnoklinik i södra Sverige (n=530). Studie IV byggde på en konstruktivistisk grundad teoriansats där informanter som hade rapporterat KV i frågeformuläret i studierna II och III, intervjuades (n=12). Intervjuarna fokuserade på informanternas berättelser om vad som bidrog till att de upplevde KV. Resultat. Som ett resultat av begreppsanalysen beskrevs abuse in health care som patienternas subjektiva upplevelser av möten i sjukvården som brister i omsorgen, där de kände att de hade förlorat sitt människovärde och upplevde lidande. Studie II visade att majoriteten (70.3%) av de kvinnliga patienter som hade upplevt etiska överträdelser som kränkande eller felaktiga, förblev tysta gentemot sjukvården, åtminstone vid ett tillfälle. Den totala tystnaden gentemot sjukvården efter kränkande eller felaktiga händelser var 60%. I studie III analyserades samband mellan att förbli tyst gentemot vården och olika patientegenskaper. Att förbli tyst visade enbart samband med yngre ålder och lägre självskattad kunskap om sina rättigheter som patient. I studie IV studerades kvinnliga patienters berättelser om vad som bidrog till deras upplevelser av KV. Detta karakteriserades som en process där patienter förlorar maktkamper. Enligt dessa patienter kunde inte endast deras sårbarhet, utan även deras kompetens, bidra till att personalen oavsiktligt använde sig av härskartekniker, som fick patienterna att känna sig kränkta. Slutsatser. KV är definierat utifrån patienters subjektiva upplevelser. För att kunna förebygga KV är det därför av vikt att lyssna på patienters egna berättelser och erfarenheter rörande dessa upplevelser. Dock är det höga antalet patienter som förblir tysta efter kränkande upplevelser oroväckande, då det innebär en stor förlust av viktig återkoppling för sjukvården. Patienters kunskap kan vara mycket värdefull i samband med strukturellt förbättringsarbete av vårdprocesser. Deras kunskap bör erkännas och tillmätas värde, även om patienter inte bör sättas i en position där de bär ansvar för kvalitén av dessa processer. Kliniska interventioner med fokus på att stimulera patienter att agera eller säga ifrån, utan att de upplever att de förlorar maktkamper, bör därför utforskas vidare. LIST OF ORIGINAL PAPERS This thesis is based on the following four original papers, which are referred to in the text with Roman numerals (I-IV) I. Brüggemann AJ, Wijma B, Swahnberg K. Abuse in health care: a concept analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 2012; 26:123-32. II. Brüggemann AJ, Wijma B, Swahnberg K. Patients' silence following healthcare staff's ethical transgressions. Nursing Ethics, 2012; Published online 30 April 2012, doi 10.1177/0969733011423294. III. Brüggemann AJ, Swahnberg K. Patients’ Silence towards the Health Care System after Ethical Transgressions by Staff: Associations with Patient Characteristics in a Cross-Sectional Study among Swedish Female Patients. Submitted, 2012. IV. Brüggemann AJ, Swahnberg K. What Contributes to Abuse in Health Care? A Constructive Grounded Theory Study of Swedish Female Patients’ Stories. Submitted, 2012.
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